[4097] Physics 316: Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology
Revision Summary

Part 1 - A Brief Review of Early Cosmolgical Ideas

• Introduction [Lect1]
  • Little Humility Required... [Lect1]
  • Some Interesting Early "Highlights" [Lect1]
• c.500BCE - Birth of "Scientific" Cosmology [Lect1]
  • Early-Greek Highlights (pre-Aristotle, 350BCE) [Lect1]
• Aristotle, Hipparchus & Ptolemy - The Rise of "Reason" & Beauty [Lect1]
  • Aristotle (c.350BCE) [Lect1]
  • Hipparchus of Rhodes (c.125BCE) [Lect1]
    • Parallax ( Homework Questions)
  • Claudis Ptolemy (c.150) [Lect2]
• The "State of the Universe" for the Greeks [Lect2]
• The "Dark" Millennium [Lect2]
• The Recovery of W.European Science [Lect2]
  • Ockham's Razor [Lect2]
• Other Early Cosmologies (?) [Lect3]
• Timeline/Summary of Early Developments [Lect3]
• Take-Home Facts from Part 1 [Lect3]

Part 2 - The Foundations of Modern Cosmological Ideas

• The Earth moves from Center Stage [Lect 3]
  • Rumblings of Discontent (c.1400) [Lect3]
  • Nicholas Copernicus [Lect3]
  • The Cosmological Principles [Lect3]
    • Copernican Cosmological Principle [Lect3]
    • Perfect Cosmological Principle [Lect3]
    • Anthropic Cosmological Principles [lect 4]
  • Tycho Brahe [Lect 4]
  • Johaness Kepler [Lect 4]
  • Radical Ideas Abound ! [Lect 4]
    • Galileo Galilei and Inertial Frames [Lect 4]
  • The Speed of Light is Finite ! [Lect4]
• And Then the Apple Dropped... [Lect4]
  • Issac Newton (1687) [Lect4]
  • From Newton to Kepler ( Homework Assignment) [Lect4]
  • Galileo's Principle of Equivalence ( Homework Assignment) [Lect4]
  • A Physical Cosmology [Lect4]
• The Concept of Spacetime [Lect4]
  • Curved Space - A Mathematical Concept [Lect4]
  • Review of Non-Euclidean Geometries [Lect5]
  • Curved Spacetime & Gravity (GR) [Lect5]
    • Mach's Principle [Lect5]
• Finite or Infinite ? (Revisited) [Lect5]
  • Olbers' Paradox [Lect5]
• Einstein makes a Blunder ? [Lect5]
  • The Cosmological Constant [Lect5]
• The Universe is Expanding ! [Lect5]
  • "Serendipitous" & Other Discoveries [Lect5]
  • Finally ! - The First Rung on the Cosmic Distance Ladder [Lect5]
  • "Island" Universes ? [Lect5]
  • Studies of the Local Group [Lect5]
  • The Distance to M31 [Lect5]
  • Detection of Redshift [Lect6]
  • Hubble goes Fainter [Lect6]
  • Hubble's Law [Lect6]
    • Hubble's Law & Cosmology [Lect6]
    • More on the Hubble Parameter [Lect6]
• The Goals of Observational Cosmology [Lect6]
• The Robertson-Walker Metric [Lect6]
  • Working through Bothun Sect 1.2.2 [Lect6]
• The Density Ratio Omega [Lect6]
• Recap of Cosmological Models [Lect7]
• The Hubble Parameter & the Age of the Universe [Lect7]
  • Some Definitions & Derivations [Lect7]
    • Expansion Age (K = 0, Lambda = 0) [Lect7]
    • The "Hubble Time" [Lect8]
    • R(t) as a function of time [Lect8]
    • R(t) as a function of redshift [Lect8]
    • Redshift & Age [Lect8]
    • Redshift & "Lookback" Time [Lect9]
  • Minimum Age Requirements (Rocks, Beyond the Solar system) [Lect9]
• The Extragalactic Distance Scale [Lect9]
  • The Distance "Ladder" [Lect9]
  • Rung 1: Parallax [Lect9]
  • Rung 2: Star Clusters [Lect9]
    • The "Standard Candles [Lect10]
    • Why Bother with Star Clusters [Lect10]
    • Determining the Distances (Main Sequence Fitting) [Lect10]
  • Rung 2.5: Calibrating the Main Sequence [Lect10]
  • Rung 3: The Zero points for the Standard Candles [Lect10]
    • Cepheid Variables [Lect10]
    • Cepheid Variables vs RR Lyrae Distances [Lect10]
  • Rung 4: Distance to the Local Group [Lect10]
  • Rung 5: Techniques for getting into the Hubble Flow [Lect11]
    • The Tully Fisher Relation [Lect11]
    • The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function [Lect11]
    • The Gobular Cluster Luminosity Function [Lect11]
    • Surface Brightness & Luminosity Fluctuations [Lect11]
    • Luminosity of Supernovae [Lect12]
      • SNe Ia & Cosmology (pre 1995) [Lect12]
      • Potential Problems [Lect12]
      • SNe Ia Constraints on H₀ (Low z) [Lect12]
      • Recent Results (High z) [Lect12]
        • Acceleration ! and also Deceleration ! [Lect12]
        • Recap and How/Where they do this [Lect13]
        • A Warning [Lect14]
      • More detailed look at the potential problems [Lect14]
  • The Distance Ladder - Summary [Lect14]
    • Importance of "Other" fields to Cosmology [Lect14]
  • Direct Distance Measurement Techniques [Lect14]
• Moving out of the Neighborhood [Lect14]
  • Virgo - "Our Galaxy Cluster" [Lect14]
    • Distance to Virgo - A Good Check of our Distance Methods (Homework Assignment) [Lect14]
  • Pushing ever further out... [Lect14]
  • The Virgo-Centric Flow (Homework Assignment [Lect14] & Review [Lect15])
  • Distance to the Virgo Cluster [Lect15]
  • Direct Distance Measurement Techniques [Lect15]
  • Peculiar Motions towards Virgo & beyond [Lect15]
• The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) [Lect15]
  • Discovery [Lect15]
  • COBE [Lect15]
  • The CMB Spectrum from COBE [Lect15]
  • The Dipole Anisotropy [Lect15]
  • COBE CMB Fluctuations [Lect17]
  • "Problems" with the CMB Uniformity [Lect17]
    • The Flatness Problem [Lect17]
    • The Horizon Problem [Lect17]
    • The Smoothness Problem [Lect17]
  • Inflationary Models [Lect17]
    • Predictions of Inflation [Lect17]
  • Post-COBE CMB Observations [Lect17]
    • Recent Results [Lect17]
  • The Angular Power Spectrum [Lect17]
    • Cosmological Implications of the Peaks [Lect17]
      • The Main Peaks - Curvature [Lect17]
      • The Main Peaks - Baryon Density [Lect18]
      • The Higher Harmonics [Lect18]
      • Recent Results [Lect18]
        • The Universe is Flat ! [Lect18]
        • The Baryon Density is small [Lect18]
    • Summary of the Angular Power Spectrum [Lect18]
  • The MAP Mission [Lect18]
  • The Planck Mission [Lect18]
• The Production of the "Light" Elements [Lect18]
  • Recap of Previous Brief Overview [Lect19]
  • Big Bang Nucleosythesis in Brief [Lect19]
    • T>10¹⁰ K [Lect19]
    • T ~ 10¹⁰ K [Lect19]
    • BBN (T~ 10⁹ K) [Lect19]
  • The Implied Baryonic Density [Lect19]

Part 3 - Review of the current (Big Bang) paradigm

• "Normal" Baryonic Physics [Lect20]
  • Review of the Planck Function [Lect20]
  • Review of Rest Mass Energies [Lect20]
• Dependence of the Densities with Scale Factor [Lect20]
  • The Current Densities [Lect20]
  • The Nucleon to Photon ratio [Lect20]
  • The Dependences of the Scale factor on Time [Lect25]
  • Summary of General Scaling Relationships [Lect25]
• Quick Review of "Particle Physics" [Lect25]
  • Bosons & Fermions [Lect25]
  • The Standard Model for Particle Physics [Lect25]
    • The Fundamental Particles [Lect25]
      • Quarks [Lect25]
        • Hadrons [Lect25]
      • Leptons [Lect25]
    • Electroweak Unification [Lect25]
    • Force Mediators [Lect25]
  • Grand Unified Theories [Lect25]
    • Gauge Theory [Lect25]
    • Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking [Lect25]
  • CPT Symmetries [Lect26]
    • CP Violations for Weak Interactions [Lect26]
    • The Strong CP Problem [Lect26]
    • Axions ? [Lect26]
  • Supersymmetry (SUSY) [Lect26]
  • Particle Theories & Cosmology [Lect26]
• Particles in the Early Universe [Lect26]
  • Relativistic vs Non-relativistic Particles [Lect26]
  • The Planck Function for Particles [Lect26]
  • Relativistic Energy Density [Lect26]
    • Example [Lect27]
    • Around the Thresholds [Lect27]
• Brief History of the Early Universe [Lect27]
  • Brief Review (backwards in time) [Lect27]
    • Recombination [Lect27]
    • Radiation-Matter Equality [Lect27]
    • Nucleosynthesis [Lect27]
    • e^-e⁺ Pair Production [Lect27]
    • Neutrino Decoupling [Lect27]
    • Muon Production Ceases [Lect27]
    • Pion Production Ceases [Lect27]
    • Quark Confiement - Hadron Production [Lect27]
    • Tauon Production Ceases [Lect27]
    • Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking of Electroweak [Lect27]
    • Inflationary Era & Breaking of Strong/Electroweak [Lect27]
    • Planck Time & Quantum Gravity [Lect27]
  • Summary (forwards in time) [Lect27]

Part 4 - The Large-scale Structure of the Universe

• Structures Observed in the Universe [Lect28]
  • "Obvious" Observational Overview [Lect28]
    • Observations are all we have [Lect28]
    • Hierarchical Structures [Lect28]
    • Groups of Galaxies [Lect28]
    • Clusters of Galaxies [Lect28]
      • Cluster Surface-Brightness Profiles [Lect28]
    • Gravitationally-Bound Structures ? [Lect28]
      • X-rays & the Intracluster Medium (ICM) [Lect28]
      • ICM Abundances [Lect28]
    • Cluster Timescales [Lect29]
      • Main Points [Lect29]
      • X-ray Cooling [Lect29]
      • Bremmstrahlung [Lect29]
      • Cooling Flows [Lect29]
  • Structures on Larger Scales [Lect29]
    • Early Redshift Surveys [Lect29]
    • Techniques [Lect29]
    • The Stickman [Lect29]
    • The Main Questions [Lect29]
    • How big are the Voids ? [Lect29]
    • A Quick Tour (in Schematics) [Lect29]
    • Current Surveys & Latest Results [Lect29]
  • Notes on Bothun Chapt 3 [Lect30]
  • Additional Notes associated with LSS [Lect31]
    • The "Great Attractor" [Lect31]
    • The "Great Wall" [Lect31]
    • The Hubble Deep Fields [Lect31]
• Dark Matter in the Universe [Lect32]
  • Detecting the Influence [Lect32]
  • Spiral at Test Case [Lect32]
    • Components to the Milky Way [Lect32]
    • The Sun's Place in the Galaxy [Lect32]
    • The Sun's Neighbours [Lect32]
  • The Virial Theorem [Lect32]
  • Dark Matter in the Solar Neighbourhood ? [Lect32]
  • Dark Matter on Galactic Scales [Lect32]
    • Flat Rotation Curves [Lect32]
    • The Implications of Flat Rotation Curves [Lect32]
  • Other Indicators of Dark Matter around Galaxies [Lect32]
  • Some Mass to Light Ratios [Lect32]
  • Dark Matter Candidates [Lect32]
    • Dark Matter Problems [Lect32]
    • DM or Gravity ?! [Lect32]
    • Baryonic DM Candidates [Lect32]
    • Non-Baryonic DM Candidates [Lect32]
  • The Solar Neutrino Problem [Lect33]
    • The Solar Neutrino Problem Solved ![Lect33]
    • The DM Problem - Not solved ! [Lect33]
  • Further Implications of DM [Lect33]
  • Summary of Bothun Chapt4 [Lect33]
• Structure Formation Scenarios & Observational Constraints [Lect34]
  • What are we trying to understand ? [Lect34]
  • The Three Equations for our "fluid" [Lect34]
    • The Continuity Equation [Lect34]
    • Eulers Equation [Lect34]
    • Poisson's Equation [Lect34]
  • Stability Criterion - General [Lect34]
  • The Jeans Length & Mass [Lect35]
  • Instability & Expansion [Lect35]
  • Jeans Mass Prior to Recombination [Lect35]
  • Jeans Mass Post Recombination [Lect35]
  • Evolution of a Density Perturbation [Lect36]
    • The "Acoustic" Period & CDM [Lect36]
  • Top-down or Bottom-up ? [Lect36]
  • The Statistics of the Large-scale Structure [Lect36]
    • The Two-Point Correlation Function [Lect36]
    • The Power Spectrum [Lect38]
      • Summary of Bothun Sect5.2 [Lect38]
      • Summary of Bothun Sect5.2 [Lect38]
      • Power Spectrum of Galaxies [Lect38]
      • Power Spectrum of Clusters [Lect38]
      • Cosmological Implications [Lect38]
    • Fixes to CDM Models[Lect38]
• The New Standard Model [Lect38]
  • High Redshift Galaxies [Lect38]
    • So use a Magnifier ! [Lect38]
  • Sample Spectra - First-cut Identification [Lect40]
  • What is a "Galaxy" anyhow ? [Lect40]
    • Star Formation vs Redshift [Lect40]
  • High Redshift Quasars as Cosmological Probes [Lect40]
    • The Recold Holders (to date) [Lect40]
    • Quasar Absorption Line Studies [Lect40]
      • Damped Lyman alpha in Absorption [Lect40]
    • Metals vs Redshift [Lect40]
• The Distribution of Baryons [Lect40]
  • The ExtraGalactic Background [Lect40]
  • The Galaxy Luminosity Function [Lect40]
  • Normal & Active Galaxies [Lect41]

  Part 5 - Alternative to the Big Bang

  Unfortunately we were forced to skip this Section due to a lack of time [But see these notes if you are interested]

  Part 6 - The Fate of Cosmology

  • General in-class review of what we've covered & prospects for the future [Lect42]

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  End of Course

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